The Issue Of Forced Displacement During The Harlem...

â€Å"The issue of forced displacement during the Harlem Renaissance† The Harlem Renaissance was a time of blossoming talents and gowing ideas. Many of the works that surfaced during renaissance are still dissected and discussed in classrooms around the world. Works like Africa for the Africans and Heritage by Harvey and Cullen have withstood the test of time and perfectly encapture the issues and questions of the time period. These poems embody the resentment and social strife african americans were largely afflicted with in 1930’s America. The abundance of racially inspired discrimination inadvertently created a garden of emotional inspiration authors that became a voice of expression for their people. In the middle of this artistic explosion†¦show more content†¦Harvey argues that since the reason his descendants were brought to the Americas at all were to be â€Å"christianized† and â€Å"civilized†. He develops on the topic further and states that after two hundred and fifty this task has been accomplished, not through white intervention but through the sacrifice of the first African slaves that made their way to America. Harvey makes his argument through an amazing use of logos, alluding to a pivotal point in history and making a mockery of the original argument for the necessity of slavery to begin with. Harvey calls his peers to action stating â€Å" Should we not, therefore, turn our eyes towards Africa, our ancestral home and free it from the thralldom of alien oppression and ex ploitation?†. Here Harvey uses a rhetorical question to call his audience to take control of their homeland and shake off the imperialistic choke hold that Western super powers held on their â€Å"ancestral home†. Harvey’s argument in favor of forced displacement outlines the return to Africa as a natural and rational reaction to the oppression African Americans have experienced at the hands of their countrymen. Harvey’s argument is a calculated and compelling one that appeals not only to African Americans but African descendants everywhere, even in the nation itself. Harvey addresses the plague of foreign exploitation and manipulation Africa has experienced and invests the blame where it lies. Harvey outlines the

Exergy Analysis Has Been Utilized Architecture Essay Free Essays

string(95) " temperatures is of higher quality, intending that more work can be produced with this energy\." Exergy analysis has been utilized in the optimisation of thermic procedures in power workss and in industry. However, energy systems in edifices are designed based entirely on the energy preservation rule. This rule entirely does non supply a full apprehension of of import facets of energy usage in edifices, e. We will write a custom essay sample on Exergy Analysis Has Been Utilized Architecture Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. fiting the quality degrees of energy supply and end-use ; to the full showing the advantages of utilizing inactive ( e.g. thermic insularity, window design ) and ambient energy ( e.g. heat pumps ) in edifices. From this point of view, exergy analysis is an of import nexus in understanding and planing energy flows in edifices. Recently, the exergy construct has been applied to the built environment every bit good ( Shukuya 1994, Gertis 1995, Asada and Shukuya 1999, Nishikawa and Shukuya 1999, Jenni and Hawkins 2002, and Schmidt and Shukuya 2003 ) . Some research workers ( Rosen 2001 and Wall 2001 ) have besides used the exergy construct in a context of sustainable development. In the last few old ages, a working group of the International Energy Agency has been formed within the Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems programme: â€Å" Low Exergy Systems for Heating and Cooling of Buildings † ( Annex 37, 2002 and Ala-Juusela, 2004 ) . The overall aim of the Annex was to advance the rational usage of energy by agencies of low valued and environmentally sustainable energy beginnings. This extension is being followed up by the international LowExNet group, which works towards supplying cognition on and tools for exergy analyses to be applied in the built environment ( LowExNet 2004 ) . Drumhead This paper presents an lineation and instance survey of a spreadsheet-based exergy analysis tool ( Schmidt, 2004 ) and a new in writing input ‘Casanova ‘ interface being developed to heighten its user-friendliness for a residential edifice situated in Toronto, Ontario. The tool is meant to ease the practical application of exergy into edifice design. It does so by assisting edifice and building-services interior decorators develop insight into combinations of design options that can take down the entire exergy ingestion of a edifice and its associated edifice services. The interface is structured so that a edifice interior decorator could concentrate more on changing edifice size and orientation, and /or edifice envelope constellation. A edifice services interior decorator may wish to concentrate on edifice tenancy agendas, indoor and out-of-door air temperatures, and edifice service constellations. Exergy Efficiency The three equations of exergetic efficiencies for steady province procedures are: 1. Theconventional or simple exergetic efficiency: This is an expressed definition and can be used for all procedure workss and units. It is an ideal thermodynamic system when all the constituents of the entrance exergy flow are transformed to other constituents, e.g. , in the instance for power Stationss or for constructing warming and chilling systems. 2.Rational exergetic efficiencyand the utilizable exergy coefficient The rational exergetic efficiency is defined by Kotas ( 1985 ) as a ratio of the coveted exergy end product to the exergy used or consumed which is the amount of all exergy transportations from the system, which must be regarded as representing the desired end product, plus any byproduct, which is produced by the system. The coveted end product is determined by analyzing the map of the system. Utilizable exergy coefficient Brodyansky, Sorin and LeGoff ( 1994 ) introduced this signifier of exergetic efficiency, called utilizable exergy coefficient. The entire exergy input ( ) of a existent system is ever higher than its exergy end product ( ) because a certain sum of exergy is irreversibly destroyed within the system. This exergy, by and large referred to as the internal exergy losingss or exergy devastation, is straight linked to the thermodynamic irreversibilities in the system. The remainder of the exergy that leaves the system with the utilizable exergy watercourse is a portion of the exergy input, which has merely gone through the system without undergoing any transmutation and is the pass throughing exergy, . is the produced utilizable exergy rate and is the consumed exergy rate. This signifier of efficiency is an betterment on the traditional exergetic efficiency, because it subtracts the untransformed constituents from the entrance and surpassing watercourses. To any stuff, heat and work watercourse can be associated as an exergy content, which is wholly defined by temperature, force per unit area and composing of the watercourse itself and of a mention province, which is usually the environment in which the system operates. It is, hence, possible to calculate the exergy content of all entrance and surpassing watercourses to and from a system and to set up an overall exergy balance over any system, as shown in Fig. 1. As illustrated in Fig. 1, portion of the exergy end product from the system may disperse into the environment as heat losingss, sewage waste or fumes. This wasted exergy, no longer useable by subsequent procedures, constitutes the external losingss, Iext. It is more appropriate, from the point of view of downstream operations, to see the exergy that remains utilizable, Eu, instead than the entire end product, . Lone portion of the utilizable exergy is produced by the system through the physicochemical phenomena that take topographic point within its boundaries. The remainder of the exergy that leaves the system with the utilizable exergy watercourse is a portion of the exergy input, which has merely gone through the system without undergoing any transmutation and is named pass throughing exergy, by Kostenko ( 1983 ) . Energy, Exergy and Sustainability The first rule of thermodynamics is that of energy preservation. It states that the amount of all energy put into a system is equal to the amount of the addition in internal energy within the system and the energy rejected by the system. Taken literally, this means that salvaging energy is non possible, as energy is ne’er destroyed. In every existent procedure, nevertheless, something is destroyed, and that is the quality of the energy, besides called exergy. This is the topic of the 2nd rule of thermodynamics. Energy produced at higher temperatures is of higher quality, intending that more work can be produced with this energy. You read "Exergy Analysis Has Been Utilized Architecture Essay" in category "Essay examples" Electricity is of maximal quality, as it can be to the full converted into power. During this transition, heat at lower temperatures will be rejected. On the other manus, heat at a low outside air temperature ( less than 7 deg C ) can be in equilibrium with its milieus, and can therefore no longer be converted into electricity or power. This is why firing gas in a boiler in order to heat a edifice is really inefficient ; the potency of the gas is non to the full used. With the same measure of gas, it would hold been possible to bring forth electricity and power. Exergy is hence a good step for th e sustainability of a system. Dincer 2000, Wall et al. 2001, Rosen et Al. 2001 and Boelman et. al 2003. Energy and Exergy Demands of Buildings In order to analyse the energy and exergy demands of edifices which are strictly based on energy balances between the edifice maintained at a defined degree of comfort and its environment, they have to be studied in item. When specifying the energy or exergy demand, it is of import to see both the physical facets of a edifice and its utilizations. This is because the ways in which a edifice is used influence the internal heat burden and the lighting and power demand well, and hence the edifice ‘s overall energy demand every bit good. All relevant energy devouring points should be taken into history to avoid concentrating on a individual facet of the demand, which could take to erroneous premises about energy nest eggs. For case, adding insularity decreases heat demand but increases chilling demand, while holding fewer Windowss decreases heat demand but increases lighting demand. By using exergy analysis to construct it can be shown that the greatest fraction of the entire supplied exergy for heating in edifices is consumed when heat is generated from other beginnings, e.g. fossil fuels like natural gas. Partss of these losingss occur during energy transmutation, extraction, and transmutation in power Stationss or in heat coevals, e.g. in a boiler. Merely a little fraction of the exergy ingestion happens within the edifices ( Schmidt and Shukuya 2003 ) . To utilize the exergy most expeditiously, we have to plan heating systems that will maintain the supply temperatures every bit low as possible. In most instances, low exergy ingestion within a constituent coincides with a low recess temperature ; that means that the energy is supplied at a low temperature degree. The illustrations of such systems already are thermally activated edifice buildings, floor-heating systems or waterborne systems where warming or chilling pipes are inserted into the concrete slab building, thereby heating or chilling the suites, to be later released as fresh supply air to the suites ( Johannesson 2004 ) . There are many more system options, which are showcased in the LowEx Guidebook ( Ala-Juusela et al 2004 and Annex 37 2004 ) . Energy demand The system studied is as follows: Heat is added to the edifice by illuming, people and contraptions, and air flows into and out of the edifice through infiltration and airing. Ventilation air can be treated ab initio in an air-handling unit, where it is chilled or preheated. The entire energy demand consists of seven points: ( Itard 2003 and Itard 2005 ) . Demand for heat in the edifice, Qheat Demand for cold in the edifice, Qcold Demand for heat in the air-handling system, Qheat, AHU Demand for cold in the air managing system, Qcold, AHU Demand for illuming, Qlight Demand for ventilators when utilizing mechanical airing, Qventil Demand for contraptions, such as computing machines and waiters, Qappl. The theoretical account for the heat and cold balances within a edifice envelope is based on hourly energy balances that take into history transmittal, airing, infiltration losingss and heat accretion in the building, every bit good as heat burden through Sun, contraptions, people and unreal lighting. The heat and cold balances in air-handling systems are simple enthalpy balances based on the temperature of the out-of-door air and the specified temperature of the air-supply into the edifice. These balances are needed merely when a mechanical airing system is used. The computations for contraptions and illuming are based on a specified electrical burden per square metre of gross floor country. The energy demand for ventilators is deliberate presuming known force per unit area losingss in the canals. Exergy demand Exergy of electrical energy and mechanical energy: By agencies of the construct of exergy, the mechanical work and electrical energy is straight transferred into exergy, that is E=W Actually, both the mechanical work and electrical energy are higher than the thermic energy in their energy quality. And all of them can be to the full converted into utile work. Exergy of heating/cooling capacity: The exergy of heating capacity is defined as the maximal utile work attainable from a heat transportation procedure due to temperature difference between the system and the mention environment and likewise defined for exergy of chilling capacity. The exergy demand for cold and heat in the edifice is calculated utilizing the method described in Schmidt 2004. If refers to the indoor air temperature, and to the temperature of the milieus ( outside air temperature ) , the exergy demand for heat or cold in the edifice expressed in J/K is: Exergy demand for cold and heat in the air-handling unit: This exergy demand is calculated utilizing the method described in Shukuya 2002. In the undermentioned equation, Tblin refers to the temperature of the air that is supplied to the edifice ‘s suites. Exergy demand for electrical equipment: Lighting, contraptions and ventilators are electrical equipment. For all electrical equipment, an exergetic efficiency of one is applied, and equated as Primary Consumption of Energy and Exergy Primary energy ingestion Buildings need equipment in order to run into their energy demands. Boilers or heat pumps can be used to run into the warming demand. Compression chilling machines can be used to run into the chilling demand. The electricity that is needed must be produced by a power works. Regardless of the type of equipment that is used, it will ever be capable to transition efficiency. This means that the sum of energy needed by the transition equipment is different from the overall energy demand. Example for warming: If the warming demand is 1MJ, and a gas boiler with an overall efficiency of 0.85 is used, the primary energy ingestion to run into the warming demand is 1/0.85 = 1.18 MJ. Example for chilling: If the chilling demand is 1 MJ, and a compaction chilling machine which has an efficiency of 3 is used ( this is possible because a heat pump besides uses free energy from the milieus ) , the heat pump needs 1/3 = 0.33 MJ of electricity to run into this demand. This electricity, nevertheless, is produced in a power works. If the efficiency of the power works is 0.4, the primary energy ingestion to run into the chilling demand becomes 0.33/0.4 = 0.83 MJ. Primary exergy ingestion This Equation calculates the primary exergy ingestion, where is the exergetic quality factor of the full energy transition procedure: For illustration, if waste heat at the temperature =50 A ; deg ; C is used for heating applications, and if the outside temperature is 1 A ; deg ; C, the quality factor will be 0.16. Example of energy and exergy computation consequences Residential Building Case Study The Model Building To execute the computations, a basal theoretical account of an mean one-family house in business district Toronto has been taken for the instance survey. The pre WWII built house has four individual family, has five suites ( one life room, four sleeping rooms ) , a kitchen, such as heel combined with a dining room, a bathroom on the first floor and a lavatory on the land floor. The Attic and cellar are non heated. Some cardinal figures of the theoretical account edifice are shown in Table 1. The floor tallness with its 2.9 m is higher than than newer places, which allow the warm air to drift up during the hot summer months. The disadvantage of high ceiling is that the heat energy demand in winter is higher. CASAnova package The computations were done with the programme CASAnova, an educational package for ciphering the warming and chilling energy demand every bit good as the temperature behavior in edifices. The programme is freely available for educational intents by the Group for Building Physics A ; Solar Energy in the Department of Physics at the University of Siegen. It can be used to demo the dealingss between constructing geometry, orientation, thermic insularity, glazing, solar heat additions, heating demand, warming and primary energy every bit good as overheating in summer. CASAnova uses constructing forms of rectangular signifier for which in a monthly balance transmittal and airing losingss every bit good as solar and internal additions are calculated. Therefore it was suited to demo the consequences as calculated on the theoretical account edifice of a simple one-family house. In add-on to that, CASAnova besides contains climate-data for Toronto, ON in its programme construction, which was another ground to take it for the computations. To find the figure of hours during which a edifice is overheated, CASAnova uses a single-zone dynamical thermic theoretical account. Based on hourly informations of the outside temperature and the solar heat additions through Windowss and walls, CASAnova calculates the useable solar heat addition every bit good as the transmittal and airing losingss of this zone. Together with the internal additions the balance of energy for an effectual thermic mass is determined ( i.e. energy losingss and additions for the room-air including the heat which is stored up in an active portion of the wall ) . Harmonizing to the sum and the mark of this balance zone temperatures change with clip. Finally, the figure of hours is counted for which room-air temperatures exceed a comfort temperature bound given by the user. Consequences – Heat Demand Reduction for Several Renovation Options Before Renovation – The Base Case For the initial state of affairs it was assumed that the house has been built post war building. Houses older than 35 old ages make up more than 60 % of the business district Toronto edifice stock and utilize 230 kWh/m2 and up. This edifice stock, together with edifices constructed prior to the 1990s has a noteworthy impact on the local energy ingestion. Windows While planing the theoretical account constructing it has been taken attention to hold more Windowss on the northern fa A ; ccedil ; ade and less on the South. The window countries on the several waies are as shown in Table 2. For the initial state of affairs windows with individual glazing have been assumed. individual glassy Windowss are in older Torontonian edifices. Thus the U-value ( rate of heat loss through a surface ) of the glassing is every bit high as 5.8 W/ ( m2K ) , the one of the wooden frames is 3.5 W/ ( m2K ) and the g-value ( entire energy admittance value ) 0.92. Insulation The exterior walls have common medium weight exterior building ( bricks ) with U value of 1.2 W/ ( m2K ) . The Windowss has the U-value of 5.8 W/ ( m2K ) . The first floor towards the partly-insulated roof has an U-value of 1.2 W/ ( m2K ) and the land floor towards the non-heated basement without insularity an U-value of 1.0 W/ ( m2K ) . The door ‘s U-value is 1.8 W/ ( m2K ) . Indoor temperature has been set to 21 A ; deg ; C and overheating occurs when the temperature rises above 27 A ; deg ; C. The internal additions which stem from a four individual family and mean family contraptions assumed to be up to 44 kWh/m2a i.e. 5 W/m2. Energy All the computations have been done for the location of Toronto, Ontario, 43 A ; deg ; 40 ‘ N 79 A ; deg ; 22 ‘ W. Toronto has summer temperature runing from 23 A ; deg ; C to 31 A ; deg ; C and winter temperature to lowest -22 A ; deg ; C as minimal temperature of the twelvemonth. Natural gas is the most common energy beginning in Toronto for both warming and cookery since it is besides much cheaper than oil fuel and electricity. Therefore the warming system of the theoretical account edifice has been defined as a distilling boiler, with both boiler and distribution being inside the thermic zone. The heat transportation occurs through with a system temperature of 70/55 A ; deg ; C. These characteristics and the antecedently mentioned characteristics of the theoretical account constructing consequence in a heat energy demand of 639 kWh/m2a and a primary energy demand for natural gas of 763.9 kWh/m2a. The concluding energy demand of the family sums to 9616 m3/a of natural gas. As can be seen from the consequences in Figures 2 and 3, the theoretical account house right reflects the current state of affairs of old Torontonian edifices demoing a high heat energy demand of 639.4 kWh/m2a. Due to bad insularity which for illustration may allow the indoor temperatures drop down to below -15 A ; deg ; C, the undermentioned building leads to 323 effectual warming yearss. Harmonizing to Figure 4, most heat is lost through walls ( 41 % ) , roof ( 20 % ) and windows ( 27 % ) , which are offering the biggest potency for a redevelopment that would take to energy nest eggs. Renovation Options All redevelopment options were calculated utilizing informations for stuffs that can be easy available in Toronto. Standard Options In the first option merely the Windowss were changed to duplicate glassy heat protected Windowss with U value equal to 1.0 W/m2 K, in the 2nd option the house walls get a better insularity, while the 3rd redevelopment option is a combination of the first two. The other belongingss of the edifice have non been changed. The elaborate computations can be viewed in Annex I. Technical information for building and edifice services are for a typical residential edifice ( see Table 1 ) . Detailed building informations were entered to the tool ‘s input interface. On the other manus, the inside informations for the selected edifice services constituents were provided by the interface to the computation faculty as default values. The instance has been taken for a residential edifice base instance which has nominal insularities and needs retrofits ( option 1 and option 2 ) . 3 THE Method For the undermentioned survey of warming or chilling steady province conditions are assumed. Energy and affair are supplied into the system to do it work. Inputs and end products are the same, harmonizing to the Torahs of energy and mass preservation. The energy flow through the edifice envelope is changeless in clip under steady province conditions. In the instance of warming, heat transmittal occurs from the warm inside to the cold ambient environment, across the edifice envelope. This is accompanied by an increasing flow of entropy [ The information of a substance is a map of the temperature and force per unit area ] . A certain sum of information is generated by this procedure, due to irreversible procedures inside the edifice envelope. This generated information has to be discarded to the milieus, i.e. the out-of-door environment. It is of import to recognize that the energy fluxing out of the edifice envelope is non merely accompanied by a devastation of exergy, but besides by an increased flow of information. Disposition of generated information from a system allows room for feeding on exergy and devouring it once more. This procedure, which underlies every working procedure, can be described in the undermentioned four cardinal stairss. Heating and chilling systems are no exclusion here [ 11 ] : Table I: Four stairss of the exergy-entropy procedure. Feed on exergy Consume exergy Generate information Dispose information Educational Tool for Energy and Exergy analyses of Heating and Cooling Applications in Buildings To increase the apprehension of exergy flows in edifices and to be able to happen possibilities for farther betterments in energy use in edifices, an analysis tool has been produced during on-going work for the IEA ECBCS Annex 37. Throughout the development, the purpose was to bring forth a â€Å" transparent † tool, easy to understand for the mark group of designers and edifice interior decorators, as a whole. The Microsoft excel tool is built up in different blocks of subsystems for all of import stairss in the energy concatenation ( see Figure 2 ) . All constituents, constructing building parts, and edifice services equipment have advanced input options. Heat losingss in the different constituents are regarded, every bit good as the needed subsidiary electricity for pumps and fans. The electricity demand for unreal lighting and for driving fans in the airing system is included. On the primary energy side, the inputs are differentiated between dodo and renewable beginnings. The computation is made under steady province conditions. This tool consequences are summarised on with diagrams every bit good as Numberss. All stairss of the energy concatenation – from the primary energy beginning, via the edifice, to the sink ( i.e. the ambient environment ) – are included in the analysis. 5 DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMINED CASE In order to clear up the method for this analysis, a typical residential edifice has been taken as a instance survey. For this base instance theoretical account, a figure of fluctuations in the edifice envelope design and in the edifice service equipment have been calculated. The base instance has been chosen so that the edifice criterions in North America could be met in general footings. The insularity criterion is moderate and the edifice service systems are representative of the edifice stock in Toronto. To heighten the apprehension of the exergy analysis method and to see the impacts of edifice design alterations on the consequence, fluctuations in the design have been calculated. For the base instance, a figure of different betterments and alterations in the system design have been analysed: Numeric illustrations are shown for the whole procedure of infinite warming, based on a system design and the sub-systems shown in Figure 2. Consequences of the analysis of the base instance are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4. These figures, which indicate where losingss occur, are quantified by the sub-systems/components in Figure 4. In Figure 3, the system is fed with primary energy/exergy, shown on the left side of the diagram. Because of losingss and system irreversibility and inefficiencies in the heat and mass transportation processes in the constituents, energy, every bit good as exergy, dissipates to the environment. At the same clip, exergy is consumed in each constituent. When the flow of energy leaves the edifice through the edifice envelope there is still a singular sum of energy left over ( i.e. the amount of all edifice heat losingss ) , but the same is non true for exergy. At the ambient environment degree, energy has no potency of making work and all exergy has been consumed. The exergy flow on the far right side of the diagram is equal to nothing. This sort of diagram helps in groking the flow of exergy through edifice systems and enables farther optimizations in the overall system To accomplish betterments in the system design, it is compulsory to cognize where losingss and inefficiencies occur ( Fig 4 ) . Major losingss occur in both transmutation processes. This happens viz. in the primary energy transmutation, where a primary energy beginning is transformed into an end-energy beginning, such as LNG, and in the coevals, where the named end-energy beginning is transformed into heat by, for illustration, a boiler. The difference between an energy and an exergy analysis becomes clear when detecting the losingss in the coevals sub-system. The energy efficiency of this system is high, but the exergy ingestion within the boiler system is the largest of all regarded subsystems. When utilizing a burning procedure, devouring a batch of exergy is indispensable in the extraction of thermic exergy from the chemical exergy contained in LNG. As for the procedure in the coevals, the supply of energy is of a high quality factor, as it is for LNG, with 0.95. The nucleus inside the coevals is a burning procedure with fire temperatures of some thousand grades celsius, taking to the end product of the procedure being a heat bearer medium of about 80 A ; deg ; C. Even at this point, the temperature degrees indicate a great loss. 6.1 Impact of betterments in the edifice envelope versus betterments in the service equipment ( Base case+ HVAC options ) Get downing with the base instance described above, betterments on the design have been made and calculated. As already shown, exergy ingestion within the heat coevals is the largest among all sub-systems. This is ineluctable when bring forthing heat for infinite warming through the usage of a burning procedure. Because of this, it may be considered that it is indispensable to better the efficiency of the boiler. Thus, an addition in boiler efficiency from? G = 0.8 to 0.95 has been reached with betterment ( see Table III ) . However, The lessening in exergy ingestion is fringy. To increase the exergy end product of the boiler, an addition of the mercantile establishment H2O temperature can be taken into consideration. This, nevertheless, consequences in the ingestion of more exergy within the undermentioned systems, from the storage to the emanation system. Besides, the exergy ingestion within the room air would be higher because the coveted room temperature is merely 21 A ; deg ; C. These facts imply that an highly extremely efficient boiler entirely can non needfully do a important part to the decrease of exergy ingestion in the whole procedure of infinite warming. This can alter if the edifice envelope insularity is considered when realizinf the warming exergy burden of the room. This has been done with the improved insularity of the walls and the Windowss have been improved. The warming exergy burden, ( the exergy end product from the room air and the exergy input to the edifice envelope – 4 % of the chemical exergy input to the distilling boiler ) is considered. This decrease step could be regarded as fringy, or as holding a limited impact on the entire exergy ingestion of the system. But, as can be seen by the difference between the whole exergy ingestion profile of the base instance and the base instance with betterment ( 5 ) , in order to diminish the rate of entire exergy ingestion, it is more executable to cut down the warming exergy burden by put ining well-insulated exterior walls and glazings than to put in thermally, highly extremely, efficient boilers. 6.2 System flexibleness and the possible integrating of renewable beginnings into edifice systems The flexibleness in the use of different energy beginnings is of great imposrtance in sustainable edifice design along with possible usage of renewable beginnings, and besides flexibleness in fulfilling wide fluctuations from the demand side. Using exergy analyses could assist to quantify the grade of system flexibleness. As already stated, a decrease in the exergy burden of the room is of import. However, it is every bit of import to see how to fulfill the staying demand. This is done in the analysis shown in Figure 7. Three system solutions have been chosen to fulfill the heat demand for the same room. The base instance represents a high temperature distilling boiler and high temperature radiators. The betterments represents a system where a heat pump supplies a low temperature floor warming system along with betterment options as in table III. The options satisfy the same heat demand, but with wholly different exergy demands as can be seen from Exe. Thirgy /energs difference can non be clearly shown in an energy analysis, see annex II for exergy/energy graphs generated from excel tool. 5. Decisions The consequences of the exergy analysis suggest that long-run additions in the sustainability of edifices can be achieved merely by cut downing the energy demand for electrical contraptions well and by either bettering the efficiency of the electricity production procedure or using sustainable electricity coevals based on Sun or air current. The decrease of the lighting demand is possible by planing edifices that make maximum usage of twenty-four hours illuming and by developing efficient lighting. The energy demand for contraptions, such as computing machines and telecastings, should besides be decreased well. The betterment of the exergetic efficiency of warming and chilling systems by using low-temperature warming and high-temperature chilling will besides hold positive effects on sustainability, but farther decreases in the warming and chilling demand through the application of inactive edifice natural philosophies steps will hold more long-run effects. As set out in this paper, the energy preservation construct entirely is non plenty to derive full apprehension of all the of import facets of energy use procedures. From this facet, the method of exergy analyses facilitates clearer understanding and improved design of energy flows in edifices. The trial method allows for the possibility of taking energy beginnings harmonizing to the quality needed for a certain application. One of these options is energy cascading, where the flow of energy is used several times, despite a quality lessening in each measure. From this general statement, a figure of decisions can be drawn from the instances analysed. The undermentioned design guidelines for constructing interior decorators can be extracted from the recommendations: Reducing the tonss on edifice service equipment is an efficient and compulsory measure towards good, exergy-saving design, as shown by the analyses in Figure 2 and Figure 3. Using inactive agencies – like good insularity criterions, tight edifice envelopes and inactive additions ( solar or internal ) – is an first-class starting point for optimised design. All steps offered by modern constructing natural philosophies in this field are extremely efficient in this procedure and by and large accepted. In a 2nd measure, edifice services contraptions should be taken into consideration. Use of these contraptions should be kept to a lower limit and be restricted to instances in which inactive agencies are deficient. This determination depends on the edifice proprietor ‘s penchants and on the criterions or bounds considered acceptable for indoor environments. Related jobs ( such as overheating or increased chilling demands due to inordinate solar additions, for case ) mus t besides be taken into history. Even in the instance of chilling, which has non been particularly addressed in this paper, the decrease of tonss by e.g. efficient solar shadings is compulsory. Flexibility in system constellations is of import for future â€Å" more sustainable † edifices. Exergy analysis can assist in quantifying the grade of flexibleness in a system design. Low exergy tonss from the enclosed infinites and from emanation, distribution and storage systems enable an unfastened constellation of the coevals and the possible supply of the edifice, using a figure of different energy beginnings, see ( Schmidt 2004 ) for a more elaborate analysis. Here, the possibility of incorporating all sorts of renewable beginnings of heat and imperturbability should be kept in head. All renewable beginnings are utilised more expeditiously at low temperature degrees. In the instance of warming, this is true for thermic solar power, generated by simple flat-plate aggregators or solar walls, for case. If these beginnings are expeditiously used to cover the heating-energy demand of a edifice, the full service system will run with reduced sums of environmental tonss, such a s CO2 emanations and other nursery gases. High exergy beginnings like electrical power should be left to particular contraptions that require a high exergy content, such as unreal lighting, computing machines and machines. These beginnings should non be used for heating intents. Even though some advantages ( like low installing costs for direct electrical warming ) may look good, exergy analysis proves the antonym. High primary energy transmutation factors in a batch of states can explicate the same fact, through an energy analysis. If high exergy beginnings are to be used however, efficient procedures are needed, for illustration warming with heat pumps in combination with low-temperature emanation systems ( Schmidt 2004 ) .  · Other systems that will cut down exergy tonss in simple constituents are good, excessively. The integrating of a mechanical airing system ( sooner a balanced airing system with heat recovery in the air-handling unit ) will cut down the exergy ingestion, equal to steps like thos e specified in higher insularity criterions. Storing heat during summertime, and using these additions when they are needed in wintertime, might be another possibility. Most of these steps imply larger investing costs, hence they are non ever applicable. Most of the effects due to these extra steps to increase energy efficiency can besides be shown by the energy attack. It is already possible to construct a â€Å" low-exergy house † utilizing today ‘s engineering, as the presented illustrations of presentation edifice undertakings show. Careful planning and good design of all systems are compulsory in accomplishing this end, since some of the methods implemented are non yet mundane edifice pattern. More accent should be placed on the importance of exergy and on forestalling its devastation in the energy use processes in our places and working topographic points. In the same sense, communities could restrict the exergy ingestion of edifices and stipulate demands for low-exergy edifices, by analogy with bounds for primary energy usage that already exist. The proposed analysis method offers the background for making this. Exergy effecicncy by utilizing inactive systems Shukya has described the general features of six inactive systems from the point of view of exergy-entropy procedure ( see ( Shukuya, 1998 ) and ( Shukuya, 2000 ) ) . The rational passive ( bio-climatic ) design would be prerequisite to recognize low-exergy systems for warming and chilling. Daylighting: this is to devour solar exergy for indoor light. Exergy ingestion occurs as solar exergy is absorbed by the interior surfaces of edifice envelopes. â€Å" Warm † exergy is produced as a consequence of solar exergy ingestion for illuming ; this may be consumed for infinite warming ( Asada and Shukuya, 1999 ) . The information generated in the class of solar exergy ingestion for illuming must be discarded into the ambiance by airing chilling or mechanical chilling, hopefully by a low-exergy system for chilling. Passive warming: this is to command the rate of solar exergy ingestion during daylight and dark by organizing the built-environmental infinite with the appropriate stuffs that have low thermic conduction and high thermal-exergy storage capacity. It is besides to devour, during nighttime, the thermic exergy produced during daylight. Most of the information generated is discarded spontaneously through the edifice envelopes into the ambiance ( Shukuya and Komuro, 1996 ) . Shadowing: this is to allow the extra solar exergy, viz. the remainder of exergy necessary for daylighting, be consumed before it enters the reinforced environment. It is besides to cut down the information generated within the reinforced environment so that mechanical equipment for chilling is required to devour less exergy to take the information generated within the reinforced environment. Exterior shadowing devices are really much attractive in this respect, since the information generated at the devices is efficaciously discarded into the ambiance by convection ( Asada and Shukuya, 1999 ) . Ventilation chilling: ( Free chilling ) this is to devour kinetic exergy of atmospheric air, which is produced by the exergy-entropy procedure of the planetary environmental system described subsequently ( Shukuya and Komuro,1996 ) , for taking the information generated within the reinforced environment, such as the information discarded from the organic structure surface of the residents and that from the lighting fixtures, electric contraptions and others, into the near-ground ambiance. Water crop-dusting: this is to devour the â€Å" moisture † exergy contained by liquid H2O, which is really big compared to thermal exergy, viz. â€Å" warm † or â€Å" cool † exergy, to diminish the â€Å" warm † exergy produced by solar exergy ingestion and perchance to bring forth â€Å" cool † exergy ( See ( Nishikawa and Shukuya, 1999 ) , and ( Saito and Shukuya, 1998 ) ) . Roof spraying and uchimizu, which is to disperse rainwater on the route surface, are besides due to this procedure. The ingestion of â€Å" wet † exergy to bring forth â€Å" cool † exergy or to diminish â€Å" warm † exergy play a really of import function in photosynthetic system of foliages ( Saito and Shukuya, 1998 ) and the temperature-regulating system of human organic structure ( Saito and Shukuya, 2000 ) . Composting: this is to allow micro organisms consume actively a big sum of exergy contained by refuse and therefore turn it into fertiliser. The â€Å" warm † exergy produced as a consequence of micro-organisms devouring chemical exergy can be rationally consumed for keeping the temperature inside the container at a coveted degree. This is realized by doing the walls of a container thermally good insulated ( Takahashi and Shukuya, 1998 ) . The information generated in the procedure of composting is discarded into the surrounding of the container and eventually into the near-ground ambiance. With the position of inactive ( bio-climatic ) design as exergy-entropy procedure, inactive design is to plan a path in which the exergy available from our immediate milieus is rationally consumed and the generated information is rationally discarded into the ambiance. Again, low-exergy systems for warming and chilling would be such systems consistent with inactive design described above. [ 3 ] DIN 4701-10. 2001. Energy Efficiency of Heating and Ventilation Systems in Buildings – Part 10: Heating, Domestic hot Water, Ventilation. German national criterion. German capital: Deutsches Institut f A ; uuml ; R Normung e.V. [ 11 ] Shukuya, M. 1998. Bioclimatic design as rational design of exergy-entropy procedure. Proceedings of PLEA ’98, pp. 321-324. How to cite Exergy Analysis Has Been Utilized Architecture Essay, Essay examples

19th Century Romanticism in Europe Essay Example For Students

19th Century Romanticism in Europe Essay Romanticism began in the early 19th century and radically changed the way people perceived themselves and the state of nature around them. Unlike Classicism, which stood for order and established the foundation for architecture, literature, painting and music, Romanticism allowed people to get away from the constricted, rational views of life and concentrate on an emotional and sentimental side of humanity. This not only influenced political doctrines and ideology, but was also a sharp contrast from ideas and harmony featured during the Enlightenment. The Romantic era grew alongside the Enlightenment, but concentrated on human diversity and looking at life in a new way. It was the combination of modern Science and Classicism that gave birth to Romanticism and introduced a new outlook on life that embraced emotion before rationality. Romanticism was a reactionary period of history when its seeds became planted in poetry, artwork and literature. The Romantics turned to the poet before the scientist to harbor their convictions (they found that the orderly, mechanistic universe that the Science thrived under was too narrow-minded, systematic and downright heartless in terms of feeling or emotional thought) and it was men such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Germany who wrote The Sorrows of Young Werther which epitomized what Romanticism stood for. His character expressed feelings from the heart and gave way to a new trend ofexpressing emotions through individuality as opposed to collectivism. In England, there was a resurgence into Shakespearean drama since many Romantics believed that Shakespeare had not been fully appreciated during the 18th century. His style of drama and expression had been downplayed and ignored by the Enlightenments narrow classical view of drama. Friedrich von Schlegel and Samuel Taylorlerid ge (from Germany and England respectively) were two critics of literature who believed that because of the Enlightenments suppression of individual emotion as being free and imaginative, Shakespeare who have never written his material in the 19th century as opposed to the 18th century. The perception that the Enlightenment was destroying the natural human soul and substituting it with the mechanical, artificial heart was becoming prevalent across Europe. The Lyrical Ballads, published in 1798, was a series of poems that examined the beauty of nature and explored the actions of people in natural settings. Written by William Woodsworth, this form of poetry was free, expressive and without constraint as evident by this passage:If this belief from heaven be sent, If such be Natures holy plan,Have I not reason to lament, What man has made of man?Such passages from his work indicates that poetry and literature was also used as a form of rebellion or distaste for political institutions or social conditions during the 19th century. However, since most poets thrived on the emotional and irrational abstract that they were writing about, there was no specific category that this mode of thinking could fall into. This was a strength since the freedom to explore nature was infinite and without any restriction based on rules, law or doctrine. This invariably led to a re-introduction into religion and mysticism; people wanted to explore the unknown. The Genius of Christianity, written by Rene de Chateaubriand, offered a contrast to Science. He found Christianity to be the most poetic,most human, the most conducive to freedom, to arts and literature of all the religions and deduced that Science was lacking this element which could benefit mankind. The middle ages were regarded as a creative period when humans lived close to the soil and were unblemished with the effects of industrialization or urbanization. Romanticism began to show the people that the Enlightenment had overstayed its welcome by leading the people to a future that offered a vision of mankind as being part of a group rather than an individual. G. W. F. Hegel, a German philosopher, rejected the rational philosophy of the 18th century because he believed in Idealism. This involved looking at life in terms of the importance of ideas, not thought the narrow tunnel of materialism and wealth. By advocating Idealism, Hegel concluded that mankind could be led by his spirit, his soul, rather than the establishment or the status quo. Although Romanticism was perhaps conservative in nature, every participant of this swift and silent movement could relish in his own free and glorious vision of nature. .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8 , .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8 .postImageUrl , .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8 , .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8:hover , .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8:visited , .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8:active { border:0!important; } .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8:active , .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8 .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7ac8335e3ffd6c6dad3ec39819c5bee8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Homeschooling EssayRomanticism was not a political movement or a reformist package offered by a group of dissidents; Romanticism was a time when mankind could restructure his outlook on life so that he was able to reach new heights of intellectual and political awareness. In the process of doing so, he found answers to practical problems by simply using his heart and searching his soul.

Unjust People Rectification Essays - Deontological Ethics, Justice

Unjust People Rectification Robert Nozick, in his essay Rights and the Entitlement Theory, discusses the rights of individuals and just acquisition. He makes it clear that these rights and/or acquisitions cannot be taken away by anyone, either by an individual or by a collective identity such as the state. Individual people and the state have an obligation to not interfere with one's rights or just acquisitions. As long as one does not interfere with another's life and intrinsic rights then no one else shall interfere with another's life, it is a reciprocal obligation. Furthermore, the government should be involved minimally in the life of the individual. According to Nozick, the state should be "...limited to the narrow functions of protection against force, theft, fraud, enforcement of contracts, and so on..."(p. 210). Also, according to Nozick each individual has the right to choose what to do with what one has, as long as it was acquired justly. Therefore, if a freely organized group of people owned a (communal) house, assuming they acquired it justly, what would give anyone else the right to take it away and redistribute it? (And moreover, in this specific instance what other rights and/or just acquisitions are violated?) In 1993 the administration at Denison University decided to make the fraternity houses non-residential. Fraternity members that had acquired the houses justly would no longer be able to live in them. I believe the acquisition of the houses from one generation to the next was just because initially someone financed the house, and then through initiation to the fraternity, and thus through a belief in the fraternity's ideals, they "earned" residency in the house. Moreover, they paid for utilities, upkeep, and basic needs of the house. Despite this just acquisition the school, or government in this example, according to Nozick unjustly"took" back the houses. This leads to the essay A Theory of Justice, by John Rawls. In his essay Rawls discusses the principles of justice and equality in society. Rawls wants everyone to start in a specific hypothetical situation with two principles of justice, among other things. The first principle is as follows: "each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others" (p. 551). And, the second principle is as follows: "social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both (a) reasonably expected to be to everyone's advantage, and (b) attached to positions and offices open to all" (p. 551). According to the first principle everyone has the right to basic liberties; included in these liberties is "...freedom of the person along with the right to hold (personal) property; and freedom from arbitrary arrest and seizure..." (p. 551). The dilemma arises again, how does the University account for the seizure and redistribution of an organization's private property? For Rawls, the first principle comes before the second, "[T]his ordering means that a departure from the institutions of equal liberty required by the first principle cannot be justified by, or compensated for, by greater social and economic advantages" (p. 551). Here, I believe it is evident that the University, out of benefit of better social and economic advantages, unjustifiably seized the fraternity houses. The University benefited economically because they could use the fraternity houses to accommodate students; and they benefited socially because "frats" were no longer a central theme in Denison society. According to both Rawls and Nozick the school had no right in seizing the houses. Moreover, according to Nozick the state, Denison University Administrators, is supposed to be protecting against such unjust acts. This is the most evident violation of basic rights within this example, however there is a more serious violation of basic rights that many seem to overlook. In Nozick's theory of rights and entitlement is the notion of side constraints. "Side constraints upon action reflect the underlying Kantian principle that individuals are ends and not merely means; they may not be sacrificed or used for the achieving of other ends without their consent" (p. 210). In terms of my example I believe the University was exploiting the fraternities as "ends and not merely means," because they used the fraternities for their own means without consent. While at the same time they deprived the fraternities of the means by which they had been working towards some end. Yet another aspect of Nozick's essay comes to the surface here, the notion that each person is free from any interference concerning the pursuit of one's own life (p. 209). It seems, according to the above-mentioned

practise and theory essays

practise and theory essays Clear concise introduction as to what your project is about, what themes you will be discussing and why they are important. How do they bare relevance to your project and how have they inspired your work and what sort of response are you hoping to receive from the onlooker? Why is colour important for you? Does it have ritual and cultural significance? Why do you use bright colours in your work? Does it work as well with pastel colours? Does it evoke memories of Pakistan; does it enhance a deeper understanding of your inherited culture? What colours make you comfortable in your visual sphere? Do you have to use particular colours with particular patterns, why is this important? Talk about repeat pattern. Is this a culturally important symbol in your work? What is the purpose of repeat? Why do you use pattern in your work? Do certain patterns have allegorical connotations Are these symbols and patterns purely aesthetic or do they have special meaning? Why is marriage such an important occasion in Asian Culture? Discuss the significance of marriage and what it means to you. Why has this theme inspired your work, what elements have you taken from the idea of marriage? How does this relate to your ideas and your practice? Why is this notion of bejewelled adornment so important in Asian Bridal wear? Is this a feature you would like to expand upon? Is this idea of encrusted jewellery embedded in clothing particularly important in your culture or is it there purely for aesthetic means? Justify why you have taken this and used it in your work. Why have you chosen to take this theme into the interior, what are you hoping to achieve by doing this? Do you follow a set of implicit assumptions when creating your designs or is there a particular methodology, which you follow, expand on this! Is space and layout important? How d ...

Austrian and Post-Keynesian theories of the competitive process

Austrian and Post-Keynesian theories of the competitive process The Austrian School is a heterodox school of economic thought that emphasizes the spontaneous organizing power of the price mechanism, which was influential in the late 19th and early 20th century (Boettke, 2008). After the 1870s, Marxism spread rapidly in the ranks of workers, and the economic theories that defended for the capitalists went bankrupt. The Austrian economics based on three core concepts: entrepreneurship, subjectivism and market process, which became popular after that. The Post-Keynesian school of thought was developed in the debate with the neoclassical synthesis. After The General Theory of Keynes was published, some different points of view on the practical problems arose in the followers of Keynes, and gradually formed two opposing schools of thought: neoclassical and the Post Keynesian School. The theoretical foundation of Post Keynesian economics is the principle of effective demand, that demand matters in the long as well as the short run, so that a competiti ve market economy has no natural or automatic tendency towards full employment (Arestis, 1996). The objective of this paper is comparing and contrasting Austrian and Post-Keynesian theories of the competitive process. The similarities and differences between these two theories will be stated orderly. Although Austrian and Post-Keynesian theories are two different schools of thought, they still have some degree of similarities. First, they both advocate uncertainty. Next, they both cannot be regarded as profit maximizers. Last, the competitive process is seen as a dynamic process by both theories. First of all, for the Austrian approach uncertainty is pervasive. One of the Austrian’s core concepts is entrepreneurship. Austrian school thinks that the community is a collection of individuals. Individual’s economic activity is a microcosm of the national economy. Through the interpretation of individual economic activities, reasoning illustrates the complexities of real ec onomic phenomena. Entrepreneur is the individual here in the real economy. They are all different in each other. Therefore entrepreneurs in particular always face fundamental uncertainty. Kirzner (1973) emphasized the uncertainty present in all human decision-making, has primarily focused on the entrepreneurial market process. For the Post-Keynesian approach firms’ pricing behaviour is determined by a ‘mark-up’ rule. This behavioural approach to pricing is partly in response to the imprecision of price setting in conditions of uncertainty. Uncertainty is the fundamental element of Keynes’ theory, and Post-Keynesian followed and developed it. In the Post-Keynesian theory of agency, agents are non-optimisers due to fundamental uncertainty. According to Fernando Ferarri Filho (2001), in a context in which time is historical, economic agents do not decide future actions on the basis of statistical series analyses or beliefs justified by experience. To the cont rary, decision-making is classified as an environment of true uncertainty. They are not the rational calculators of standard theory. This suggests some overlap with Austrian theory. Second, in Austrian’s term, entrepreneurs display purposeful pursuit of profit in the competitive process, which provides market order. It cannot be regarded as profit maximizers due to fundamental uncertainty. However profit is still therefore important in motivating agents. Neoclassical theory assume that manufacturers pursuit profit maximization, but we all know there is another voice in society requiring manufacturers to take social responsibility. Social responsibility will increase the company’s operating costs, which is not conducive to their competition in the market. So, non-profit-maximizing firms will be sustained by the loss of profits and investment capacity and continuous losses, and finally be forced out of the market. Austrian school advocates idealism and they do not believ e that firms select the behaviour of pursuit profit maximization. In post-Keynesian economics, firms are not assumed to maximize profits as well, as is clear in Lavoie (1992, p.105), â€Å"The standard critique of the neoclassical theory of the firm is that profit maximization is not possible because of the lack of pertinent knowledge due to an uncertain environment. Profit maximization is then replaced by profit satisfying. Firms are assumed to set themselves threshold levels of profits; that is, minimum levels of profits or of rates of return.† Furthermore, the firm’s overall objective is the pursuit of ‘power’. This involves attempting to control its environment. To become powerful, firms must be big; to become big, firms must grow. Growth is the subjective and profits are the means to realize this objective. However, maximizing growth does not equal to maximizing profits. Firms maximize the rate of growth, subject to various finance and expansion const raints.

Hydropower in Portugal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hydropower in Portugal - Assignment Example which are running while others are still under construction, are all aimed at enabling the nation to meet its objectives of energy sustainability and European Union’s goals of renewable energy. Evidently, hydropower has impacted Portugal’s social and economic sectors. Expansion of hydropower capacity is secondarily motivated by the economic and social benefits presented by this renewable energy source. First, hydropower is a cheap source of energy, which is instrumental in improving the business favorability of a nation. In addition, projects related to expansion of hydropower capacity across Portugal presents beneficial effects to the nation’s social and environmental sectors. Potential benefits of hydropower are responsible for the government’s active role in expanding the nation’s hydropower capacity. In addition, the potential benefits trigger interest from among communities in Portugal. Technically, development and expansion of hydropower is beneficial to any nation. In 2013, Portugal; a nation with approximately 10.2 million people, relies on electricity as the main source of power. Different methods are used in generating the needed electricity demands within the European nation. Theoretically, all methods of generating electricity are categorized as either renewable or non-renewable methods. Renewable sources of electricity include but not limited to, geothermal energy, solar energy, wind energy and hydropower (Smith, 2012). Contrarily, examples of non-renewable sources are fossil fuels like oil, coal and natural gas, and nuclear energy. Currently, 58.3% of electricity power in Portugal comes from renewable sources. The total percentage of all renewable sources in Portugal is derived from multiple sources whereby wind makes up 46.3%, hydropower makes up 41.6% while the rest is evenly distributed among geothermal, solar and biomass energy sources (Renewable Facts, 2011). Technically, Portugal generates 21756 MW of electricity power. 18.79% of

Global Management Competencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Global Management Competencies - Essay Example Beyond such person-to-person skills, global organization development and consulting skill areas such as multicultural team building, technology transfer, innovation, and change management are also covered in this paper. Generic skill areas are applied and adapted to the specific business practices of different localities. Geographical examples are drawn from Asia, Europe, Latin America, Russia, and the Middle East. The business manager of today must have diversity principles at the forefront of his thinking. The contemporary catch phrase "think globally, act locally" comes to mind as a recommendation to what the business managers and executives should have for an attitude. The Internet, rapid travel capability, satellite-based communications, and corporate expansion into the level of the transnational have all contributed to making our local realms more globally connected, shrinking our world and folding us all closer together with other people of sometimes very different culture and perspective. It is widely agreed that the critical factor for companies to succeed in global competition is effective development of global managers and executives (Pucik, 2000; Bartlett & Ghoshal, 2000; Evans, 2000; Tichy & Sherman, 2003; Gates, 2001). However, in management development literature, there seems to be a great deal of confusion about the meaning of various terms defining expatriate/international/global managers. In an effort to clarify the differences between the expatriate and the global manager, this article explores the definitions of the two concepts, and explains the differences in behaviors, competencies, and characteristics of the two types of managers. The article also identifies and compares the human resource practices necessary for an effective development of the expatriate and global managers. Building and sustaining organizational capabilities for global operations is a critical challenge for most globalizing firms (Nohria & Ghoshal, 2001). Meeting this challenge requires changes in cognitive processes through which managers frame business problems (Murtha, Lenway & Bagozzi, 2000). Global thinking places high value on sharing information, knowledge, and experience across national, functional, and business boundaries and on balancing competing country, business, and functional priorities that emerge in the globalization process. This set of attitudes is often described as global mindset. The emphasis on the mindset helps to differentiate between expatriate (international) and global managers. The definition of an expatriate/international manager is linked to the location of the assignment whereas the global manager is defined by his or her frame of mind. The term "expatriate (or international) manager" defines an executive who is able to assume a Management position fulfilling

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay â€Å"The future belongs to those who believe in their dreams. †I firmly believe in this quote made by Eleanor Roosevelt. I have always dreamed of making it to the top in the field of business in general and that of finance in particular. However, to realize my dream I need to understand and appreciate the fact that I must arm myself with a professional degree from a reputed business school. This would be an important and decisive step in my journey towards success. A full-fledged program in finance would enable me to form a vision of business and of finance in the twenty-first century and the way it is going. The only career option in today’s competitive environment which creates an opportunity for an aspirant to pursue a career in the field of his choice is to acquire a management degree. Management qualification is a tool to build skills, gain knowledge and insight into modern business techniques At the same time and with equal mind, I recognize clearly the fact that what I wish to do would not be really possible without a robust theoretical framework and base. I fully acknowledge and appreciate the fact that I need to build up intellectual ability in me and arm myself with techniques of analysis, case studies and proper critical examination as well as the ability to acquire information and to get to the bottom of a matter. All that can come only from being part of a complete academic program that would test and try me out and in which I would grow and broaden. That is what I expect to happen to me as and when I become part of a Masters program at an outstanding university where I shall encounter the best minds engaged in constant discussion and ever absorbed in understanding not just the theoretical foundations of finance but also its new and emerging trends. What do I have to offer? First is the fact that I have done my graduation in business along with specialization in finance, which puts me in a somewhat unique position. I already have a theoretical framework that encompasses a fairly advanced and analytical view of society, its institutions and the transition that is part of those institutions in the world of today which is moving from an earlier concept of laissez faire capitalism and is becoming a global village where economic interests predominate and function as primary determinants of political action. The qualities that I have inculcated as a result of the academic ndeavors I have gone through are perseverance, patience, good communication skills, and flexible working procedures and at the same time highly disciplined working capability, qualities which I believe are absolutely necessary not just for success but also for mere survival in today’s fast paced and dynamic socio-economic environment. Most importantly I have the basic quality of self discipline and target oriented approach in consequence whereupon success is automatic. â€Å"All work and no play make Jack a dull boy†. I wish to add that I love driving and I love playing tennis and traveling. I also spend time reading about Finance books, about Finance management and about general management. I do that when I’m not listening to music, which too I love. I like watching lawn-tennis matches. Yes, with all that, I am setting out to learn as well as I can and as fast as I can at a reputed institute and pick up the training and skills of assessment, of decision making, of leadership and of communication which would benefit me to enter the complex world of business and to make my endeavors in that world profitable and advantageous. I must add that I am particularly interested in finance and look very much forward to getting into the course specifically related to finance. I see as well something equally important, namely, the fact that a program, when entered into fully and with a complete mind, builds up into an experience one can’t ever forget. A good world-class university with its vast pool of resources in terms of faculty, its up to date curriculum and its wide student membership is an active and dynamic world that provides an exposure as nothing else can. It is this exposure that I seek, as I know that it would enable me to get closer to my dream of working in the area of finance in the way I want to My role models are Mahatma Gandhi, Dhirubhai Ambani and Swami Vivekananda. Though the three come from different walks of life, each has inspired me in some or other way. In particular, their sense of leadership, their impeccable oratory and their communication skills as well as their infinite vision and talent mean a great deal to me. Finally, I believe that I would be able to steer my career in the right direction if I am armed with a professional (Masters) degree from a world renowned institute. I understand that just a qualification won’t be helpful without sincere and intelligent efforts. However, it will definitely go a long way in helping me achieve my goals. I have always been very serious about achieving my goals and to conclude, in the words of Swami Vivekananda: â€Å"Awake! Arise! Stop not till the goal is reached!!

Scandals :: essays research papers

Contemporary society is always portrayed as a civilized society, in which the sense of democracy has come to woven throughout the fabric of our lives. Thanks to the mass media, the public has become more informed about what is happening in the world, from the political field such as the state and national government to the business area such as the international stock market. At the same time, people are paying more attention to the leaders. Some insist that since the major mission of the leaders is to lead the whole group to succeed in the intense competition, a leader should try every means to achieve his goal rather than care much about the ethic and morality. Those from the other camp hold a strong belief that to be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards. As far as I am concerned, I prefer the latter point of view. In the following discussion, I would like to present several evidences to support my standpoint. First and foremost, a public official with high ethical and moral standards will set a good example for the society as a whole which does good to the improvement of the morality of the public. From ancient times to the present world, the public leaders always serve as a focus of the ordinary that treat the words and actions of the leaders as a sign of right. So what and how the leaders say and do would produce a far-reaching effect on the public. A case in point is Gandhi, the greatest leader in Indian history. He led a simple and hard way of living all his life and never wasted even one coin, , and this encouraged all citizens of India to spare no effort to work hard for a better further of their country and no one pursued a luxury material life. This illustrates that a leader with high ethical and moral standards promote a good ethos in the society. Meanwhile, high ethical and moral standards embodied in the words and actions of a public official would help him or her to gain the trust and support of the public especially of his or her subordinates which make his or her policy to be implemented more effectively and efficiently. Take Mao Zedong, the founder of our new China for example: in the period of hardship, he advocated that all Chinese should tie up their belts and try every effort to go through this difficult time.

Internal Risk Assessment †Home Depot Essay

Former president and chief executive officer of the online auction site eBay stated, â€Å"A business leader has to keep their organization focused on the mission. That sounds easy, but it can be tremendously challenging in today’s competitive and ever-changing business environment. A leader also has to motivate potential partners to join† (Whitman, n. d. ). These wise words expressed from a wise and highly successful business leader speak soundly in relation to motivating employees and a sustaining a competitive business advantage. Along with a competitive advantage arises the need to assess the firm’s internal risk. Departmental strengths and weaknesses, strategic endurance, and financial foundation all substantiate the level of allowable tolerance for internal risks. A publicly traded global firm, The Home Depot, Incorporated leads the world in retail building supplies and home improvement goods. According to the 2009 Form 10-K reported to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the company maintains 2,244 retail sites â€Å"Located throughout the United States including the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the territories of the U. S. Virgin Islands and Guam (â€Å"U. S. †), Canada, China and Mexico† (The Home Depot: Annual Report, 2009). The Home Depot wisely forecasts and assesses its risks while maintaining flexibility to assume increased or decreased influences affecting internal operations. According to the annual report for 2009, The Home Depot’s returns declined as compared with its 2008 earnings, as did stock prices. The company forecasted for this decline with the closure of several underperforming stores in 2008. Cutting the ties of projected threats made capital resources available to concentrate on heightening strengths and improving upon weaknesses. Company growth does not solely equate to the gain of more real property. Growth produces many internal facets through improving and enhancing capabilities to overcome weaknesses within the organization. The company’s fiscal 2009 operating strategy maintains a centralized focal point in their core retail business. In this strenuous economy, they also realize that â€Å"Success depends upon our ability to attract, train and retain highly qualified associates while also controlling our labor costs† (The Home Depot: Annual Report, 2009). Lean production with educated employees becomes essential while awaiting the economy’s upward trend. Customer loyalty and return business starts at the frontline through customer service. The operating strategy gears its strategic decisions toward raising improving capital allocation, controlling expenses to generate long-term value for its shareholders, the bottom line. To further the company’s 2009 internal strategic stability, in 2008 it opted to exercise valuable capabilities whereby counteracting short-term and long-term threats with the closure of several underperforming stores, shelving new store construction projects, and parting with business contracts loosening hindering obligations. The reevaluation of the strategic business plan provided a means to target emerging opportunities that supported the restructuring planned objectives for 2009. Success of reducing threats evidenced opportunity to position the company for future growth in projecting a strengthened economy in forthcoming years. The Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations reveals 13 store openings with a concentration toward the â€Å"Core retail business, investing in our associates and stores and improving our customer service† (The Home Depot: Annual Report, 2009). The report also ascertains that â€Å"The slowdown in the global economy and weakness in the U. S. residential construction, housing and home improvement markets negatively impacted our Net Sales for fiscal 2009† resulting in a 7. 2% declined Net Sales (The Home Depot: Annual Report, 2009). The company maintains the decrease in sales as a direct correlation to the underperforming store closures. Asserting that the weakened sales figures correlate to the competition, The Home Depot estimates a 21% market share in the United States. Reduced pricing drove an operations increase evidenced with the gross profit margin for fiscal 2009. Compared to last year, the operating income as a percent of net sales rose 1% for $4 million over 2008 figures. A substantial savings exhibited with a decline in Operating Expenses in that expenditures shrank 10. 9% from last year. Employing new merchandising tools aid the company in realizing lean production measures with its supply chain. Forecasting capabilities substantiated through â€Å"The combined efforts of our supply chain, merchandising, operations and finance teams, we reduced inventory by almost half a billion dollars in 2009, while at the same time improving our in-stock position† (Datamonitor 360, 2010). The organization’s strengths illustrate an emphasis in positive marketing, as brand awareness continues to retain The Home Depot as the largest home improvement retailer in the world, boosting its negotiating influence concerning capital financing. Competitive positioning emanates as a strength through the human resources department as the charge to maintain employee training geared toward the customer elevates as a long-term objective. The sales team continues to revolutionize efficient processes in bettering supply chain management to continue efficient production. Additional strengths, as found with its customer satisfaction measure through a store performance survey called, Voice of the Customer, is a marketing and research effort to sustain market share strengths. A new education program, Customer First, launched in 2009 afforded each employee training, by the end of that fiscal year, aimed at placing the customer first. This measure supports management’s long-term commitment toward putting the customer first and gaining feedback to achieve peak customer service. Supplying the customer with exclusive and well-known brands is also a priority to distinguish public visibility and improve traffic flow. Top manufacturers carried exclusively at the retailer include Behr Premium Plus, Husky, Ryobi, Pegasus, and Glacier Bay. The Home Depot’s chief executive officer stated in the annual report that â€Å"While our supply chain team is proceeding with the rollout of these new RDC facilities, we are also restructuring and improving other parts of our supply chain. We have closed legacy distribution centers, optimized distribution center operations and enhanced our transportation management systems, driving further supply chain efficiency in addition to the RDC rollout. Creating exclusivity and optimal vendor relations develops a stronghold on the supply chain, along with securing customer loyalty. A weakness that The Home Depot notes in their Annual Report reveals that â€Å"Sustained uncertainty regarding current economic conditions and other factors beyond our control could adversely affect demand for our products and services, our costs of doing business and our financial performance† (The Home Depot: Annual Report, 2009). The decline in new residential housing construction displays a historic low of 43. 5%, according to the census report, and as compared with 2008 data (U.  S. Census Bureau, 2009). This figure reveals strategic business planning to maintain company stability, at a minimum, although ideally growth is the target. Competition is noted as another weakness as it negatively affects pricing, causing an upset in sales figures should a competitor win over the organization’s market share. A decline in product demand and services provided to customers also decreases the company’s market share, lessening sales, company profits, and shareholder wealth. The store’s mindfulness of the competition remains at the forefront of planning. Failure to maintain attractive stores and to timely identify or effectively respond to changing consumer tastes, preferences, expectations as to service levels, spending patterns and home improvement needs could adversely affect our relationship with customers, the demand for our products and services and our market share† (The Home Depot: Annual Report, 2009). The risks associated with large companies are endless. Some of the identified risks with this company include changes or a failure with information technology systems, alterations in regulations and laws or accounting standards, and third party vendor relations. This snapshot list of risks, or weaknesses, create potential financial repercussions with the way the company conducts its business plan. Cognizance of each area should be taken into account when preparing the SWOT Analysis, along with the strategic business plan. Overlooking an item may prove a detriment in company earnings. The Home Depot continues its strategic business plan to include forecasting for internal changes and developing capabilities that positively affect profitability as evidenced in revenues, operating profit, and net profit. Recorded 2010 revenues of over $66 million, showed a decrease of 7. 2% over 2009, the operating profit was $4,803 million, for an increase of 10. 2% over the same period. The annual report indicated a net profit of $2,661 million, which was an increase of 17. 7% over the previous year (The Home Depot: Annual Report, 2009). Strategically assessing internal factors and employ its resources pertaining to the company’s strengths and weaknesses position its stronghold, enduring as the largest home improvement retailer in the world.

Creating Shared Value Essay

The following is an essay of the article â€Å"Creating Shared Value† by Michael E. Porter and Mark R. Kramer. The purpose of this article is about recreating capitalism. Companies only cared about profit maximization. This article discusses how businesses have separated themselves from social progress. The company’s focus in participation in creating shared value should be on health, nutrition and fair trade. According to Porter & Kramer (2011) â€Å"Capitalism as an unparalleled vehicle for meeting human needs, improving efficiency, creating jobs and building wealth†. Companies have been acting for themselves and not the society as a whole. Companies must reverse this and not just act on profit, but create a shared value. According to Porter & Kramer (2011) â€Å"The concept of shared value can be defined as policies and operating practices that enhance the competitiveness of a company while simultaneously advancing the economic and social conditions in the communities in which it operates.† Shared value is increasing the connection between the societal and economic progress. There are several issues this article addresses such companies growing at the expense of the community. Companies are living in the past on how to apply the shared value of creation approach. Companies are depleting natural resources, relocating overseas for cheaper labor and putting stress on the communities in which they are located. Businesses have separated business and society and must find a way to combine the two back together. Shared value is intertwining with the company’s success and the community’s success. The company has prospered at the expense of the community. Companies can create shared value by meeting the needs of the society by improving existing markets and creating markets that meet the needs of the society. Companies can also create supportive clusters where the company is located. By using shared values it will reconnect the company’s success with the improving the society (Porter & Kramer, 2011). The largest society needs that are not met in the global economy are health, housing, nutrition, help for elders, financial security and environmental damages. Companies are beginning to use shared value to reconnect them with the society. Wal-Mart reduced their packaging and rerouted their trucks which in turn lowered carbon emissions and saved Wal-Mart $200 million in costs. Coca-Cola and Dow Chemical have reduced their water consumption, which has resulted in less water and decrease our natural resources. Companies have cut wages, reduced benefits and moved their companies overseas for lower wage costs. These cuts result in lower productivity. Johnson & Johnson helped employees stop smoking and started other health wellness programs, which in turn has saved the company $250 million in health care costs. Reference: Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2011). Creating shared value. Harvard Business Review, 89(1/2), 62–77. McConnell, C.R., Brue, S.L., & Flynn, S. M. (2012). Economics (19th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Women Can Be Murderers Too Professor Ramos Blog

Women Can Be Murderers Too Gliezel Fernando English 102 August 3, 2019 Murderers Can Be Women Too Aileen’s full name is Aileen Carol Wuornos, originally Aileen Pittman, was born on February 29, 1956 un Rochester, Michigan. Aileen later died on October 9,2002 at Starke, Florida. Aileen’s upbringing was not the best. She was later executed by lethal injection sooner than her actual execution date because she was not connected to reality. Her famous last words were â€Å"Id just like to say Im sailing with the rock, and Ill be back like Independence Day with Jesus June 6. Like the movie, big mother ship and all.† She was abandoned by her mother at a young age, she lost her grandmother and her father. She later became a serial killer with at least murdering seven people between 1989-1990. Her case drew national attention to issues such as the relationship between gender and violence and the legal treatment of acts of self-defense by women (Jenkins). Aileen’s reasoning of killing might be due to her troubled childhood and how she was treated by males. Aileen Wuornos is the most terrifying female serial killer in all history. Aileen Wuornos had a rough childhood, her father was a sex offender who hung himself while he was in prison when she was just thirteen years old, and her mother already abandoned her. Her mother left her with her paternal grandparents. Not even a year passed after her father passed, her grandmother died from liver failure, and that is when the physical and sexual abuse started from her grandfather. When Aileen was fifteen years old, she had to drop out of school because she had to give birth to her grandfather’s baby at a home for unwed mothers. After having the baby, she and her grandfather had a fight and she was left with her child to live in the woods outside Troy, Michigan. After putting her son up for adoption, that is when her prostitution and thieving began. When Aileen moved to Florida, she met a wealthy yachtsman, Lewis Fell, they married in 1976, but later divorced because of Aileen’s destructive behavior. After becoming involved with numerous crimes, Wuornos met twenty-four-year-old Tyria Moore in Daytona, Florida, and they began a romantic relationship. Tyria and Aileen met at a biker bar named Zodiac in June 1986. Tyria was never involved in the crimes that Aileen committed, but she knew that Aileen killed more than one man in their relationship, because Aileen would come home with a different car and belongings that were not hers. Ty and Aileen lived in cheap motels and trailers, they even lived in the woods. Ty did not like that Aileen was working as a highway prostitute, she tried her best to keep Aileen from doing that line of work, but she never gave up. Though Tyria tried not to get involved, a witness saw her and Aileen in a car accident where they found Aileen’s bloody handprint on the car. The handprint match ed to a thumbprint on Daytona pawn shop card that they used for items that belonged to her first victim, Richard Mallory. Wuronos’ victims were all middle-aged white men who were motorist. Aileen murdered seven men and left their bodies on the highway to be discovered by the authorities. She would later tell the police that she killed them in an act of self-defense. Aileen would rob all her victims before she shot them and then stole their cars as well. Her very first victim was Richard Mallory, a fifty-one-year-old shop owner who picked her up for sexual intercourse for pay. Richard Mallory was a convicted sex offender. He was later found by a Volusia County deputy several miles from his abandoned car with multiple shots in the chest. David Spears, her second victim was a forty-three-year-old construction worker who was shot six times in the torso. Charles Cardskaddon, forty, was found in Pasco County with nine shots in the stomach and chest. Troy Burress, fifty-year-old salesmen, was found when he was almost decomposed, and a medical examiner determine that the cause of his death was two shots to the torso. Charles â€Å"Dick† Humphreys was a retire Air Force major, police chief and a Florida child-abuse investigator was found dead with multiple gunshots to his head and torso. Peter Siems was a sixty-five year old whose body was never recovered, but witnesses say two women near his car, but it was never confirmed if she actually murdered Peter Siems. Her last victim, Walter Antonio, his body was found nearly nude at a remote part of Dixie County. Antonio was shot four times in the back and in his head. Her upbringing might be the reason why she started murdering men. Aileen Wuornos reason for killing might be to due to the face she was not raised properly. She and her brother, Keith, were abandoned by her mother, Diane. Diane left her two kids with her parents, their grandma and grandpa. Unfortunately, their grandmother passed away from liver failure. She and her brother were left with their grandfather, who was horribly abusive with Aileen (Lukas). All the abuse and neglect were just part of the start of her rampage. After meeting Richard Mallory, the convicted sex offender, was probably the last straw that began her killing rampage. The story of Aileen Wuornos has impacted several movie inspirations. Aileen made her own autobiography. Monster theory 2: The Monster Always Escapes fits because of the documentaries that people made of her. Especially when her famous last words were â€Å"Id just like to say Im sailing with the rock, and Ill be back like Independence Day with Jesus June 6.† She believed that she will be incarnated and come back for more which is terrifying. Her story was also made into a British documentary, down to every little detail. Nick Broomfield created two documentaries, Aileen Wuornos: The Selling of a Serial Killer (1993) and Aileen: Life and Death of a Serial Killer (2003). One of the famous movies that was inspired by Aileen’s life was the 2003 film â€Å"Monster†. Although it does not fully tell the whole story, because Tyria wanted to keep her identity hidden, it still tells us about Aileen’s life as a prostitute becoming a murderer. Work Cited Lu, Alicia. â€Å"Aileen Wuornos Was Terrifying, But Fascinating.† Bustle, Bustle, 12 June 2019, bustle.com/articles/126181-8-surprising-facts-about-notorious-serial-killer-aileen-wuornos-that-will-haunt-your-dreams. Stockton, Richard. â€Å"How Aileen Wuornos Became Historys Most Terrifying Female Serial Killer.† All Thats Interesting, All Thats Interesting, 15 Mar. 2019, allthatsinteresting.com/aileen-wuornos â€Å"The Case of Aileen Wuornos The Facts: Capital Punishment in Context.† The Case of Aileen Wuornos The Facts | Capital Punishment in Context, capitalpunishmentincontext.org/cases/wuornos.

Key Issues in the Development E-Business Strategies Relating To the Essay

Key Issues in the Development E-Business Strategies Relating To the Education Sector in UK - Essay Example The researcher states that an internal audit and competitor analysis would help evaluate the stand that Conde Nast has taken. This can be through SWOT analysis and Porter’s Five Forces Analysis. SWOT analysis reveals the internal strengths and weakness which helps the organization evaluate the opportunities that the market presents. It also makes the organization cognizant of its weaknesses which can help it revise its strategy. Enjoys excellent reputation and authority of the brand which puts them in a strong position to teach and inspire the fashion and decorating talent of the future. The college principal designate is the editor of Easy Living and has been the deputy editor of Vogue for five years. The editor-turned teacher would be a valuable connection for the students as they would receive practical knowledge of the industry. Because of their links with the fashion world, they would be able to offer unique insights into the industry. The group creates and develops lifes tyle and business brands online. They have a stronghold in the fashion industry. They also have online and e-commerce experience because of their base unit – publishing. Conde Nast has no prior experience in the field of education. A major lifestyle and publishing house getting into education is something that may not be very attractive to the prospective students/fashion designers. The editor, named as the Principal, has no teaching experience. They may have problems securing internships for their students because of lack of educational background and especially in the field of fashion. They have yet to find a director with experience in the field to run the school. They have been losing revenue in their publishing as there has been a shift from traditional advertising to digital advertising. They need to have collaboration with a University of repute to be able to award degrees. They intend to offer a ten-week intensive course as well as a one-year fashion foundation course . By using the editors as teachers the Group also ensures they get the designs they want to feature in their magazine.

The Allocation Problem session long project 4 (walmart) accounting Essay

The Allocation Problem session long project 4 (walmart) accounting - Essay Example The company allocates its administrative expenses to all the divisions and these common costs are used in this analysis. From the annual report of Wal-Mart, the incomes from various divisions are gathered. The administrative expenses are then allocated to each division. The allocation depends on a number of factors including the scale of operations in the division, number of stores operating in the division and the revenue generated (Wal-Mart Financial Review). The incomes from various divisions are presented below: The above report indicates that the Wal-Mart U S has the highest profit margin standing at 7.5 % ($ 19522 million / $ 258,229 million). However the International division has a low profit margin at 5 %. These performances are based on the incomes generated after taking the common costs into account. In order to identify the actual performance of the various divisions, the report is recast without taking the common costs into consideration. The recast report above without the unallocated common costs (administrative expenses, in this case) reveals that the International division contributes significantly towards the total income and towards covering the common costs. It is a known fact that the administrative expenses are hard to predict and are very unstable in large organizations. Hence the above report without the administrative expenses can be used to predict or estimate future performance of the divisions. Thus the common costs (in this case, the advertising expenses) are analyzed for Wal-Mart. The recast report with the unallocated costs reveals a number of facts about the profitability, thus giving a clear picture of the performance of the various divisions. This information without the allocated common costs can be useful in analyzing the contribution of the division to the company as a

Compare and contrast between Polish and American Christmas Holiday Essay

Compare and contrast between Polish and American Christmas Holiday - Essay Example The date of Christmas may have been earlier chosen to match with either the day exactly nine months after it is believed that Jesus was conceived, the date of the Roman winter solstice, or any one of the ancient winter festivals. The Christmas holiday was especially a Christian holiday celebrated by most Christians but in recent times it has seen a shift such that many non-Christians also celebrate or engage in the Christmas festivities. This day is also celebrated in different ways by different people, cultures and may involve gift giving, church celebrations, special meals and tree decorations. In other areas it is taken as a time to meet with family and neighbors and forgive each other of the past. Christmas is celebrated differently in different countries with traditions and customs that follow it. Christmas in the in the United States is a huge phenomenon. It begins in November and ends in January. It is not a single day but a long period that culminates with the New Year celebr ations. The entire period is associated with huge spending and festivities that most Americans engage into before the day of Christmas. During this time Americans decorate both the interior and the exterior of their homes. As significant decoration that is popular with the Americans is the Christmas tree. These trees are cultivated before the Christmas holiday and families and businesses including the white house order these trees that are then placed centrally in the home. It is then decorated with ornaments, tinsel and light with a star placed at the very top of the tree. This star symbolizes the star of Bethlehem that is believed to have guided the wise men in locating Jesus (USIA). The Christmas Eve, which is the day before Christmas, experiences so many activities. The day is associated with Santa Claus or Father Christmas whom it is believed that he visits homes while children are sleeping. Father Christmas is believed to fill stockings that are hung on the mantelpiece with gi fts for the children. It is a tradition for children in the United States to leave a glass of milk and a plate of cookies for Father Christmas as they go to sleep. This day is also important as people buy gifts, wrap them and place them near the tree. These presents received from parents, friends and relatives are not opened until the Christmas morning. During this day too, there is a special church service called the midnight mass, that is held during the night and people spend in the church. For families with small children candle light services are held for them and these symbolize the nativity of Christ (USIA). During the Christmas day, families open their gifts in the morning before they head for the morning service that is held to bear witness to the birth of Jesus. The whole day is usually filled with celebrations with parents and relatives spending time together. The evening is marked by a special Christmas diner where lots of a food variety is served. For most American fami lies’ sweet pastry, eggnog that is sprinkled with cinnamon and nutmeg are served. Other popular dishes served include casseroles; the deserts are usually prepared with a family recipe that is usually kept a secret. Some of the snacks that are enjoyed during this time include nuts, cheeses and chocolates. Christmas holiday in polish resembles most of the aspects found in the American Christmas holiday; however there are few exceptions for as it will be seen in the discussion. The